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History

The first Studies of television cameras - gray box on the right is the goal, the gray box at the top is the viewfinder, the sides were reduced to show internal electronics.

Professional background of the television camera has two main themes: the gradual reduction of the device when it has become more flexible and more independent and increase hits sensors insensitive to smaller, more sensitive to the tubes and, finally, very small, very sensitive solid state image of the chip. The rooms contain their own mechanisms for recording does not appear until the 1980s.

At first these cameras were very large aircraft, usually in two sections. The section of the camera lens and the tube pre-amp and other electronic equipment necessary and related to a larger diameter multi-core cable for the rest of the electronics of the camera, usually mounted on a rack. The basket is in a separate study, or a truck on. The camera head itself can not generate a video image signal itself. The video signal is the output of the rack unit with the rest of the study for the switching and transmission. In the years fifty, miniaturization of electronics has progressed to the point where some black and white cameras can operate alone, or even by hand. However, the context of the study is maintained, with the harness large transmit signals back to the CCU (Camera Control Unit.) The CCU is in turn used to align and control the camera functions including exposure, time and the video system and black levels.

Cameras first color (1950 in the United States in early 1960 in Europe), including RCA TK-40/41 series were much more complex with three (and in some models The same four) collection tubes, and the size and weight has increased dramatically. Color handheld camera is not came into general use until the decade of 1970 and the first two parts, a unit of the camera head in the shoulder which held the cup of the lens and the tube, and a backpack unit. The Ikegami HL-33 was the first of its kind, but was followed by a bit of room. These bed and a room (The Ikegami HL-77 and RCA TK76) possible (in combination with the laptop 3 / 4 "U-matic VCR) introduction Electronic News Gathering (ENG), which quickly replaced the 16 mm film cameras were the main method for capturing events news. This established the normal operation in the field a crew of two stories, one that works camera and a tied shoulder with U-matic recorder and microphone. control design (often called "form factor") to serve the most important unit has also been established with these devices, and continues to define a camera ENG today.

In the 80s, beginning with a camera recorder board were taken to market. The most successful of these use the registration system Betacam. Initially, these devices use sample tubes, and were the records of the removable type. semiconductor models with CCD cameras appeared on the scene in the mid 80s. This brought many benefits. They are much more stable and less susceptible to drift tube chambers, and do not require heating time or calibration in the beginning the day. They were not likely in the engraved image or delay caused by light sources in the frame. Early models had not the quality of the resolution or the color of their counterparts in the tube but later models, it quickly became the technology of the head tube. Finally, the cameras recorder permanently attached to the camera head has become the standard for ARF.

Study camera technology was not arrested during this period. The small electronic camera, and CCD images replaced the sample tubes. The thickness of multi-core cables connecting the camera head to the CCU were replaced in the seventies with triaxial connections, thin video cable has led to multiple video, audio and intercom circuits, and may occur for a mile or more. Since the camera small intestine, electronics no longer dictate the size of the box. But the shape of the case remained, as it has been necessary to study large glasses, teleprompters, audience study, and other accessories for studio production and sports. Electronic Field Production Cameras are often mounted in configurations of studio within a cage. This cage has supported the study of additional accessories.

In the late 90's, such as HDTV broadcasts began in the new HDTV and suitable for general purpose working cameras were introduced. Despite that offers superior image quality, its overall performance was similar to their predecessors, standard definition. New methods of recording electronic cameras have been introduced to replace the ribbon. Avid and Ikegami introduced Editcam in 1996, based on hard drives interchangeable. Panasonic P2 cameras introduced. These recorded signals interchangeable DVCPRO Media Flash Media Card. Several other data based recording systems were introduced, including Sony XDCAM, and from 2009, remains to be seen what will become the main method mass communication from the camera for professional use in early 2010.

Chronology

1926 to 1933 "cameras" were sort of place with aircraft mechanical disc scanner.

1936 saw the arrival of the camera iconoscope CAR.

1946 unit photo studio RCA TK-10 uses a 3 "E / S -. orthicon picture tube with a lens turret 4 The RCA TK-30 (1946) has been widely used as a camera on the ground.

Dumont 1948, Marconi MK IV camera image orthicon. Marconi's first device was found in 1938. EMI rooms in the UK United Kingdom, have been used in the United States in the 1960s, the EMI 203 / 4. Later in the EMI 60 2000 EMI 2001.

In 1950, arrival of rooms vidicon the camera tube is small as possible. 1952 saw the first Walkie-Lookie "portable cameras." Picture tubes orthicon is still used up the arrival of Plumbicon.

RCA TK-40 camera is considered the first color television broadcasts for in 1953. RCA continued its market leadership in high-end devices to the (1978) CT-47, the last of the chambers of high quality tubing CAR.

Ikegami introduced the first true television camera phone in hand in 1962.

Philips Norelco line cameras have also been very popular models such as PC-60 (1965), PC-70 (1967) and CFP-90 (1968 Handheld). Philips / BTS-evening TV Systems Inc. came out with a line in the LDK, as his last hit upscale LDK 6 (1982). Philips invented the video camera Plumbicon pick in 1965, yielding a cleaner image tube cameras. BTS made its first HandHeld Frame Transfer CCD-Charge-Coupled Device CCD camera LDK90 in 1987.

Bosch Fernseh markets a range of cameras top range (KCU, KCN, KCP, KCK) United States ended with the camera tube KCK-40 (1978). Transform the image (Universal City), which are specially KCK changed from 24 to 40 under for his "vision of the image" of the system. This bandwidth of 10 MHz has twice the resolution NTSC. It was a measure of pre HDTV video System HD. At its peak, the system was used to make "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl in 1982. This was the first major group analog HD widescreen video post-production of a film recorder for film.

Technology

The Most professional cameras use a prism block directly behind the lens. This prism block (together with two Trichroic dichroic prism) Image filters in the three primary colors, red, green and blue, the address of each color in a separate load (CCD) or an active pixel sensor (CMOS image sensor) mounted on each side prisms. Some high-end cameras also do so to produce a higher image resolution with better color fidelity than is normally possible with only a single video chip.

In both single sensor and models triple sensor, a weak signal created by the sensors amplified before being encoded into analog signals for use by the outputs of the viewfinder and screen, and encoded into digital signals for transmission and recording. The analog outputs are usually in the form of a video signal composite that combines the color information and luminance for a single output RY BY or Y component video output using three separate connectors.

cameras Studio

Most studio cameras standing ground, usually with pneumatic or hydraulic mechanisms called pedestals to adjust the height, and generally on the wheels. Any video camera in use with video cameras in a studio setup is controlled by a device known as CCU (control unit of the camera), which are connected by an optical cable Triax or Multicore. The control unit of the camera with another device is installed in the control room of the production is often known as the Gallery television studio. When used outside a studio, often on slopes. The first models used analog technology, but numerical models are increasingly common. Some studio cameras are lightweight and small enough to be removed from its pedestal and used on the shoulder of a cameraman, but did not even register on their own and are linked by cable. Cameras can be mounted on a tripod, a car or a crane.

ESP cameras

the head of Sony camera with docking station Betacam SP recorder.

Although, by definition, ENG (Electronic News Gathering) cameras were originally designed for video use by news cameramen, have become the dominant style of the video camera professional for most uses, drama and documentaries shooting music videos to corporate training. Although they have some similarities with the camcorder Consumer small differences can be noted:

ENG cameras are larger and heavier, and more often with the support of a Lacrosse shoulder on the cameraman's shoulder, taking the weight of the hand, which is released to operate the zoom control. The weight of the cameras also help mitigate the small movements.

3 CCD used in place of one, one for each primary color

They have interchangeable lenses.

All settings, white balance, focus and iris can be adjusted manually, and can be completely automatic disabilities.

The objective is focused manually and directly, without intermediate servo. However, the focus and zoom controls can work remotely on a studio set.

professional connectors - BNC for video and XLR audio. There are at least two XLR audio inputs.

A section full-time code is available, allowing code preset time, and time code of multiple cameras can be synchronized with a cable.

Bars and Tone "are available on the device (color bars are SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers bar), a reference signal simplifies the calibration of monitors and the establishment of doubling levels and image transmission. )

Registration is a half career as a variant of DVCPRO or Betacam or direct recording to disk or flash memory. If, as in the last two, is a recording of data speeds much higher data (or less compression) used in consumer devices.

The camera is mounted on a tripod and other brackets with a quick release plate.

A wheel that rotates behind the lens filter, to select a neutral density filter and 85A.

Controls that require fast access switches are difficult physical, and not on the menu selections.

Select the gain, White / Black balance color bar, select, start and checks are in the same area in the room, regardless of device manufacturer.

Audio is set manually, with easy access physical buttons.

EFP camera operator at a baseball game.

EFP Cameras

Electronic cameras for field production are similar to studio cameras are mainly used in room changed several parameters, but outside the studio environment for concerts, sports and news coverage of live special events. This versatile unit can be worn on the shoulder or mounted on pedestals crane camera with large zoom focal length of the camera mount has the study. These cameras are not capable of recording on his own, and transmit their signals from broadcasting in the truck via a cable triax or multicore.

Docking Station

Some manufacturers build camera head, which contains only the block optical sensors CCD and a video encoder, and can be used with an adapter for connecting to Study UCD VET, or the registration of multiple recording platforms Live in the preferred format, which makes them very versatile. However, this versatility allows for greater size and weight. They are favored by VET and use Low budget for the study because they tend to be smaller, lighter and cheaper than most studio cameras.

A camera remote miniature cable car for mobility.

remote cameras

Remote cameras are generally tiny camera heads designed to be operated by remote control. Despite its small size, are often able to yield close to that of most ENG types and EFP.

"Lipstick" cameras are so named because the block of the combination of lenses and the sensor are similar in size and appearance a lipstick container. It is very hard mounted in a small, like a race car, or a pole. Block the sensor and lens are separated from the rest of the electronics of the camera for a thin conductive wire along several. The camera settings are treated From this table, while the configuration of the lens is usually established when the device is mounted in place.

cameras are called block because the camera head is a small block, often less than the target itself. Some units are completely independent unit, while others contain only the sensor unit and pre-amps, which requires a connection to a separate camera control unit to operate. All functions of the device can be remotely controlled, and often there is a control center of the lens focus and zoom as well. These cameras are mounted on the head pan / tilt, and can be placed in a fixed position, like the top of a mast or tower in a corner booth of a transmission or behind a basketball hoop. Also be placed on robotic platforms, at the end of the arm of the crane camera, or "high" in a cable bundle compatible, as shown in the illustration.